![]() an internal locus of control) or external circumstances (e.g. When we try to explain human behavior, we often attribute it to either internal causes (e.g. This leads to blaming external factors for our own failures, but blaming others for their own failures. For example, when they can't recognize their own incompetence.Quick Definition: Actor-observer bias refers to the biases we have in overestimating the role of external factors in our own behavior and overestimating the role of internal factors in others’ behavior. The Dunning-Kruger effect: This is when people who believe that they are smarter and more capable than they really are.Self-serving bias: This is the tendency to blame external forces when bad things happen and give yourself credit when good things happen. For example, when you win a poker hand it is due to your skill at reading the other players and knowing the odds, while when you lose it is due to getting dealt a poor hand.Optimism bias: This bias leads you to believe that you are less likely to suffer from misfortune and more likely to attain success than your peers.Knowledge of this effect has led to a mistrust of eyewitness information. Misinformation effect: This is the tendency for post-event information to interfere with the memory of the original event. It is easy to have your memory influenced by what you hear about the event from others.This especially applies to physical attractiveness influencing how you rate their other qualities. ![]() Halo effect: Your overall impression of a person influences how you feel and think about their character.This could extend to people's functions, such as not realizing a personal assistant has skills to be in a leadership role. You may think you don't need thumbtacks because you have no corkboard on which to tack things, but not consider their other uses. For example, if you don't have a hammer, you never consider that a big wrench can also be used to drive a nail into the wall. Functional fixedness: This is the tendency to see objects as only working in a particular way.False consensus effect: This is the tendency to overestimate how much other people agree with you.Confirmation bias: This is favoring information that conforms to your existing beliefs and discounting evidence that does not conform.You give greater credence to this information and tend to overestimate the probability and likelihood of similar things happening in the future. Availability heuristic: This is placing greater value on information that comes to your mind quickly.For example, when making a decision on which car to buy, you may pay attention to the look and feel of the exterior and interior, but ignore the safety record and gas mileage. Attentional bias: This is the tendency to pay attention to some things while simultaneously ignoring others.You can use this bias to set the expectations of others by putting the first information on the table for consideration. For example, if you learn the average price for a car is a certain value, you will think any amount below that is a good deal, perhaps not searching for better deals. Anchoring bias: This is the tendency to rely too heavily on the very first piece of information you learn.For example, you attribute your high cholesterol level to genetics while you consider others to have a high level due to poor diet and lack of exercise. Actor-observer bias: This is the tendency to attribute your own actions to external causes while attributing other people's behaviors to internal causes.
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